Organization Learning and Information Technology Management

Introduction In the modern world, the increase of advanced information and technological solutions has made way for automated office, teleworking, and e-commerce as some of the organizations’ way of life. Information systems way of working can only be appreciated by understanding the information technologies used and the way they can be merged to create a system (Perry, 2008, p 3)Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Organization Learning and Information Technology Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organization learning can be described as a process followed by organizations with the main aim of improving the organization’s performance. Outcome measures, one or more goals, relevant people, and knowledge are just but a few of the elements that are involved in performance process. In the organizational learning process, the organization is expected to anticipate, act on the feedback, and ext ract knowledge from the feedback attained and act accordingly based on the knowledge acquired. Not only is the organizational learning involved in adaptive learning, it is also involved in generative learning that entails creation of the future. Organizational learning can hence be summarized as processes used to improve an organization’s competence and are inseparable from organizational performance (Smith, Salvendy, 2001, p 306) Educators have often faced challenges in finding better ways of incorporating business managers in getting to know about information systems and information technology’s way of working. The advancement of modern information technology and information systems has offered new solutions of rethinking, the present business strategies, practices, and approaches. In the last few decades, IT has opened up doors for new business opportunities (Barta, Tatnall, Juliff and International federation for information processing, 1997, p 12). Organization le arning and information technology management The radical change in the world’s business environment has arisen from three phenomena:Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More networking of organizations and their information systems global emphasis in business operations increasing utilization of market mechanisms in mutual transactions. In the organization context, businesses are expected to manage the design and implementation of information resources. In the modern digital economy, operators perform electronic transactions with their partners in the international market (information resources management association. International conference and Khosrowpour, 2002, p 314) In the modern economy environment, learn has been acknowledged as the best alternative for a company to be competitive in maintaining knowledge. These companies are hence called learning organizations because they create structures in order to increase organizational learning. Organizational learning is hence considered as a process based on acquisition of knowledge, sharing of knowledge and utilizing that knowledge. The development and growth of information and communication technologies has led to new learning and working forms of industrial challenges. In the modern times, becoming a learning organization is considered as the best way of remaining competitive. Indeed, the roots of a learning organization are normally anchored in a culture that that provides training at different levels (Lytras, Pablos, Ziderman, Roulstone, Maurer, Imber, 2010, p 306) According to Wilson, the hunger for knowledge management has paved way for creation of software, consulting services and systems. Knowledge databases are common in the modern world as consulting firms are introducing relating services e.g. Ernst and young-center for business knowledge, pricewaterhouse-knowledge view and Accenture- knowledge Xchange (Wilson, 2005, p 115). According to Sage and Rouse, learning involves several processes: situation assessment Detection of a problem synthesis of probable solution implementation of the solution Evaluation of the results 60 discovering patterns among preceding processes. This is hence described as a formal process of learning. Organizational learning occurs when members of a certain organization reacts to change of internal and external environment by detecting and correcting the errors (Sage, Rouse, 2009, p 1444)Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Organization Learning and Information Technology Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning by doing is a type of learning that the learner is expected to participate in processes that result to real change. The learner in this case controls the stage and plays a role in controlling the activities happening in the environment. If the i ndicated interaction fails to occur, the learner will be merely enduring the learning process. This type of learning is also referred to as â€Å"action learning† (Barta, Tatnall, Juliff, and International federation for information processing, 1997, p 3). Organizational information systems Information technology helps organizations to deal with a number of various types of organizational informational systems that are designed to aid in decision-making. The organizational information systems include different categories: Data processing systems or transaction processing systems (DPSs/TPSs): The DPSs and the TPSs are systems that are involved in processing of tasks that are repetitive in nature. Use of well-structured information is employed as the data is easily captured and stored in large volumes (Perry, 2008, p 15). Management information systems (MISs): This system provides the middle- level managers with information to monitor to track and control organization’s progress and to report to the senior managers (Perry, 2008, p 15). Executive information system (EISs): This system aids senior managers with strategic information that helps them in making concrete decisions. In addition to this, the EISs possess powerful software that supports the various types of high risks and unstructured decisions. This is achieved by the ability of the EISs to merge information from the organization, analyze it and finally represents it. An example of EISs is the Key performance indicators (PLs) (Perry, 2008, p 15). Decision support systems (DSSs): Provide information to managers of supporting unstructured decisions by retrieving and analyzing data. Its interactive capabilities aid in solving ad hoc queries. The mathematical model incorporated in DSSs is designed to adapt to the behavior of organizational activity. By generating various kind of potential solutions the DSSs enable the managers to conduct the â€Å"what if analysis† (Perry, 2008, p 16). Expert systems (ESs): There are situations that require a more sophisticated support than the EIS or the DSS. The ES system adapts to problem solving techniques of human expertise. Among the benefits of ESs is the preservation of knowledge, effective training, and distribution of knowledge. Examples of ESs include tax and investment appraisal, credit control systems and auditing (Perry, 2008, p 16). Strength of organization learning and information technology management Competitive advantage: According to Wilson, the reason for learning and knowledge management is that it provides a competitive advantage. The traditional competing methods have been improved, as they are faster and cheaper in the modern world. Currently, firms compete by doing things in a better and smarter way. This is achieved by attaining knowledge and applying it accordingly. Thanks to the competition created many goods and services are now cheaper than years ago (Wilson, 2005, p 115). Explicit and tacit knowle dge: The tacit and explicit knowledge are innovated and acquired through the operations undertaken in the organizational learning and information technology management. In tacit knowledge, the technical skills are acquired through experience gained. Explicit knowledge on the other hand can be communicated and shared in specifications of products (Wilson, 2005, p 118) Teleworking: Office automation technology has brought about a big impact of staff working from home. Staff has now the ability to communicate to clients and colleagues by using a combination of communication technology. Operational costs of the firms are hence reduced (Perry, 2008, p12). Electronic data interchange: Network technology has been implemented by many organizations i.e. data can be transmitted from computer to computer electronically using electronic data interchange (EDI). EDI has in time replaced conventional business documentation (Perry, 2008, p.12)Advertising Looking for coursework on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Challenges of organization learning and information technology management In comparison with other new technologies, the technologies involved in information technology management cannot lack its share of challenges. The challenges involved are not technical related but instead they are non-technical components related (Khosrowpour, 2002, p ii). These challenges include: Expensive software: The software used in the in the process of information technology management is expensive and too proprietary. This is because specialized software must be created by the participating organization to convert in an understandable format to other business (information resources management association, International conference and Khosrowpour, 2002, p 348) High installation and maintenance fees: The cost of installing and maintaining this modern technology is high as it is commonly installed in large and well-financed companies. High-qualified expertise is also needed in the implementation and mai ntenance of these technologies. Conclusion Information technology (IT) has become a way of life in the modern world. The rapid growing information technology sector has drawn more and more organizations into the technology industry. Organizational learning on the other hand has been incorporated into the organizations system in order for the members to mobilize collective knowledge in the organization. The main aim of learning is to develop the capacities of acquisition, processing, storage, and use of information of the members in the organization (Lytras, Pablos, Ziderman, Roulstone, Maurer, Imber, 2010, p 307). Organizational structure perspective and management system focuses on collective learning processes that are elaborated by formal organizational structures and management systems inform of control and planning processes. This means that an organizational learning process requires: Learning process: Despite the fact that individual learning is not classified as organizatio nal learning, organizational learning cannot take place without individual learning. Social process: It includes diverse actors who collaborate to allow expression and discussion of ideas. Knowledge management: This is the process whereby knowledge is acquired, shared and capitalized (Lytras, Pablos, Ziderman, Roulstone, Maurer, Imber, 2010, p 308). Managing learning and measuring learning outcomes are considered difficult tasks although they can be more problematic with the inclusion of complex learning domains (Khosrowpour and Khosrow-Pour, 2006, p223). According to Leinder and Galliers, information systems development and design process has developed, from the early stages of analysis and design to active participation of user knowledge. In spite of knowledge management being considered as a new topic, it is in fact a broader extension of the organizational learning (Galliers, Leidner, 2003, p 425). However, the organizational learning and information management have their share of strengths and weakness/challenges that accompany them. Reference List Barta, Z. B., Tatnall, A. Juliff, P., 1997. Place of Information Technology in Management and business education. London, TJ International limited, Padstow, Cornwall. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=EOZTZOnGRzcCpg=PA1dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=organisation%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Galliers, R. Leinder, E. D., 2003. Strategic information management: challenges and Strategies in managing information systems. London, British Library Cataloguing Publication Data. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=1d04ak479S0Cpg=PA425dq=challenges+of+organization+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=mNK-TMCeF8ftOcy2sIMBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFoQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=challenges%20of%20organizati on%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Information Resources Management Association, International Conference, and Khosrowpour, M., 2002. Issues trends of information technology management in contemporary organizations. Philadelphia, Idea Group Publishing England, Idea Group Publishing Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=SazD_hoEDfcCpg=PA314dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CE4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageq=organisation%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Khosrowpour, M., 2002. Web-Based Instructional learning. Philadelphia, IRM press England, IRM press. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=drNk0PnlKcMCpg=PR2dq=challenges+of+organization+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=mNK-TMCeF8ftOcy2sIMBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=challenges%20of%20organization%2 0learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Khosrowpour, M. Khosrow-pour, M., 2006. Cases on information technology: lessons learned. Philadelphia, Idea Group Publishing England, Idea Group Publishing Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=71PAiMZyWqQCpg=PA223dq=challenges+of+organization+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=mNK-TMCeF8ftOcy2sIMBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=7ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepageq=challenges%20of%20organization%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Lytras, D. M., Pablos, O. P., Ziderman, A., Roulstone, A., Maurer, H. Imber, B. J., 2010. Knowledge Management, Information systems, E-learning, and Sustainability Research. Berlin, Springer-Verlag. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=WeHJToIVSCkCpg=PA308dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CEUQ6AEwAw#v=onepageq=organisat ion%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Perry, B., 2008. Organizational Management and Information Systems, Page 4. London, Elsevier limited. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=EZfId9eRYtkCpg=PA3dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFsQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=organisation%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Rouse. B. W. Sage, A., 2009. Handbook of Systems Engineering and Management. New Jersey, John Wiley Sons Inc. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=eFRwQuzPnEcCpg=PA1457dq=challenges+of+organization+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=mNK-TMCeF8ftOcy2sIMBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CGAQ6AEwCA#v=onepageq=challenges%20of%20organization%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Smith, J. M. Salvendy, G., 2001. Systems, social and internationalizat ion design aspects of human-computer. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, inc, publishers. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=dVUJqSo9IBgCpg=PA306dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=10ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepageq=organisation%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . Wilson, P. J., 2005. Human resource development: learning training for individuals organizations. England, British Cataloging in Publication data. Web. Available from: https://books.google.com/books?id=zpNc_GZIiikCpg=PA115dq=organisation+learning+and+information+technology+managementhl=enei=dXu-TPSuF8ihOoa6sScsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA#v=onepageq=organisation%20learning%20and%20information%20technology%20managementf=false . This coursework on Organization Learning and Information Technology Management was written and submitted by user Elle Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Epiphanies in James Joyces Dubliners Essay Example

Epiphanies in James Joyces Dubliners Essay Example Epiphanies in James Joyces Dubliners Paper Epiphanies in James Joyces Dubliners Paper An Encounter and Beeline each main character experiences an epiphany. An Encounter is about a boy who decides to skip school with his friends one day. The boys friends played Cowboys and Indians often and this caused a hunger for adventure in the boys mind. The boy became convinced that exciting things only happen to those who go exploring about so he decided to ditch school one day and go into town. There the boy meets an old man and he is embarrassed of his friend and doesnt want to seem foolish. He appears well educated and like a sharp boy to the reader. The reader almost experiences an epiphany along with the boy because up until now the reader wasnt fully aware of the boys intelligence. The boy realized he didnt even like Mahoney, the friend he was running off with. The Juvenile spirit of him actually annoyed the boy. He didnt need to act cool or play hooky or read comics. He enjoyed earning, acting mature, and being a respectable boy and it took talking to this old man for him to realize that. Beeline relates the story of a woman who is planning to run off with her fiance ©. The story reads as if she has a tough home life especially since her mother died. For the first part of the story she ponders her decision wondering if she is making the right choice. She constantly is putting the promise she made to her mother in consideration. Her mother is her only reason of thinking of staying. She knows that staying involves a lot more work less respect a lot of duty ND taking care of her abusive father. The two people she cared about most in her family are already gone. In a weird sense having her mother gone is what is holding her back. She told her mom that she would make sure her father is being taken care of. She also has a bit of nostalgia for this kind of living. She admired her mother and thinks that if it was good enough for her mother than she should live the same way. Overall she decides the life is too tough and that she should elope with her lover. The reader is lead to believe she has every intention of doing so. She gets on the docks dead to run away but at the very last minute she refuses to go in a sudden realization. This comes to as a shock to the reader and it can only be assumed that she realized she had to fulfill her promise. The epiphany in Beeline was a different because she was stuck on a decision and couldnt make up her mind. So she was searching for this realization whereas the boy in An Encounter wasnt expecting to discover that he wasnt who he was pretending to be. Although she was hoping for the decision to be made the reader can note that it probably wasnt what she was expecting and it didnt come when she expected it to. In After the Race the main character Jimmy is trying to fit in with the elite and rich crowd. He does this by spending money as if he has more than he actually does, gambling, and attending the race. Jimmy goes to a hotel with his friends and then proceeds to go to a yacht. The story frequently refers to Jimmys father and how he worked so hard to get Jimmy and himself to fit into this crowd. Jimmy plays cards on the yacht and falls deep into EOT out doesnt stop. A muleteer AT alcohol Ana Ignorance over rule Nils reasoning. He is aware that he cant afford to be partying like he is but decides that he will worry bout that problem tomorrow. At the end of the story it is announced that its daybreak. Joyce constructed the end of the story in such a way that the reader experiences the epiphany with Jimmy. One might experience frustration as Jimmy gambles away money he doesnt have, but might understand the fools yearn to have fun and put off his worries until tomorrow. At the end of the story when tonights fun has made an abrupt and quick transition into the next mornings troubles Jimmy and the reader realize the drunken mistake. Jimmy is in a very similar situation that the boy in An Encounter was in. The boy wanted to be a troublemaker and have no regard for learning. They both experience a societal calling. Its not socially acceptable interested in ones education or to stay at home with a book rather than drinking and gambling. Both of these characters try to reach this social status until at the end come upon a sudden realization that renders that achievement either impossible or undesirable. Beeline and Jimmy are in almost entirely opposite situations. Beeline is attempting to do what is best for herself. She plans to elope with her loving fiance © leaving behind a troubled home life. At the end of the story, however, she is unable to go through with it making the decision that would least benefit herself. In After the Race Jimmy makes poor decision throughout the story but the reader is led to believe that his epiphany will lead him to lead a more reasonable life in the future. All three characters realize something about themselves. This is a little ironic because one would assume that when an epiphany is realized it might be of some great truth to life. It seems odd yet a little more realistic that these particular Edibleness have reached a point of true self-discovery in these epiphanies.

The Enron case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Enron - Case Study Example d the corporation and it was realized that their reported financial condition was sustained considerably by an institutionalized, methodological, systematic and crafted planned accounting fraud, which was to be known as the Enron scandal. The corporation did this through a complicated arrangement of special purpose entities they referred to as the Raptors. The Raptors were expected to cover their expenses if the stocks in their start-up businesses collapsed. Most surprising is the fact that the corporation took spent 16 years to grow from about $9 billion assets to $60 billion, but only spent about a month to go bankrupt. The Company collapsed so fast and so entirely. In fact it made history as the largest bankruptcy and accounting scandal in American. The absence of truthfulness by management about the company led to their downfall. The overriding benefits and public trust ended immediately. For years the management lied about the financial reporting thus worsening the economic ability. They made employees loos job and lack of investors trust was evident. The senior management team believed Enron had to be perfect in everything it did and that they had to safeguard their reputations and their compensation as the most successful management in the US. Three most common forms of accounting frauds above where witness that led to the downfall of the company. The corporation followed these illegal accounting practices in financing which subsequently ensure the company be valued more attractively and appealing to the investors by the by Wall Street analysts and rating agencies. Most notably was the fact that Enron as a company used various related parties in increment of equity and crafted its financial arrangements using various loopholes in laws. All these was surprisingly was conducted trying to not consolidate into its reports and accounts by at will not fulfilling certain ethical conditions. This was a principle and a plan that proposed by both Andrew Fastow and

Baroque Music Play List Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Baroque Music Play List - Term Paper Example Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- Ave Verum Corpus: While we listen to it, we can feel a great and rare angelic beauty making its way to our hearts. It makes the listeners feel blessed and calm. Mozart was a prolific and influential  composer of the  Classical era. He composed over 600  works, many acknowledged as pinnacles of  symphonic, chamber, piano,  operatic, and  choral  music. He is among the most enduringly popular of  classical  composers. Mozart showed prodigious ability from his earliest childhood in  Salzburg. Already competent on  keyboard  and  violin, he composed from the age of five and performed before European royalty. Antonio Lotti- Crucifixus : This is a magnificent , high quality music made for vocal performance. I chose this for I was amazed by its contrapuntal techniques and variety of voices. Lotti produced masses, cantatas, madrigals and around thirty operas and instrumental music. His work is thought to be the bridge between the established baroque and emerging Classical styles.

The Making of a Football Blog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Making of a Football Blog - Essay Example The author is the one to usually generate the content of a weblog, or blog for short and simple terminology. All blogs have a home on the internet somewhere. That home could be your own website, e.g. http://yoursite.com. But, your blog’s home could also be upon a free blogging site, such as http://yoursite.wordpress.com or http://yoursite.blogspot.com. Even though you have a site for your football blog and are ready to generate content, you still must have a working knowledge of the subject matter that you are writing. For example, if you want to write about your favorite Premier League Football Club your blog could be called the United Ones, Manchester U, Manchester FC, United Biggest Fan, etc. This would not necessarily be the name of your blog to which you would write stories, articles, interviews, game recaps, boxscores, matchup previews, etc. about Manchester United or your favorite Football Club. Generated content is the main thing that is on a blog. You do need to make sure that when generating the content that not only does you have the knowledge of the material that you are presenting, that you are accurate in your spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence structure. Lastly, you also want to make sure that the content written on your blog is original and not a copy of anybody else’s work without giving them the credit they so rightfully deserve. Social Media and Blogs Social media can allow for your blog to have increased visibility to gain you more followers than you would have without the use of the social media that is available to you out on the internet. Technology allows us to get information at our fingertips instantly, and social media allows us to instantly connect with another person from anywhere in the world. Using social media, like Twitter and Facebook, in conjuncture with your blog will allow your blog to be visible in places where it might not have otherwise been seen or by people who otherwise would not go searching fo r it. Furthermore, the use of Twitter and Facebook can allow your followers to ask questions more directly and be able to give comments and advice to you about how to possibly improve your blog. Also, if you plan on using a blog with a lot of images within it, then it might be best if you had a photo streaming account with a site like Flickr. This might be useful for a blog about a football club, using images from the team in a photo gallery or highlight reels. With Twitter, you can even keep up with the game live as it is being played down upon the field. Lastly, with the social media of today, you can link one with another so if you are tweeting about the game, then your Facebook account can receive those same tweets posted directly to your wall. Podcasts Another way you can provide information on your blog to your followers is through the use of podcasts. Podcasts are essentially an audio format that is posted onto the web in either QuickTime, WAV, or even Flash formats. These po dcasts can be downloaded and listened to upon an MP3 player for further listening pleasure. With this feature, you can place upon your blog a recorded interview you did with Manchester United’s star, David Beckham about the upcoming match with Wolverhampton about how he feels his club lines up with Wolverhampton.  

Organopalladium Reagents and Intermediates

Organopalladium Reagents and Intermediates Joà £o T. V. Matos Table of contents Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.1. The characteristic features for the use of palladium in organometallic chemistry 2.1.1. Oxidation States of Palladium 2.2. Preparation of organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.2.1. Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes 2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexes 2.2.3. Palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes 2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes 2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagents 2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 2.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy 2.3.3. X-Ray crystallography 3. Applications of palladium-catalysed organic reactions 3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions 3.1.1. The Heck reaction 3.1.2. The Stille Reaction 3.1.3. The Suzuki reaction 3.1.4. The Negishi Reaction 3.1.5. The Sonogashira Reaction 3.1.6. The Tsuji–Trost Reaction 4. Final remarks Bibliography 1. Introduction Organometallic chemistry is discipline devoted to the study, not only of the compounds and intermediate species with metal-carbon bonds, but also the comprehensive study of all transformations and interaction between organic molecules and a inorganic metal from the main groups, transition series, lanthanides and actinides (Astruc, 2007; Crabtree, 2005). This interface discipline, between classical organic chemistry, coordination chemistry and inorganic chemistry, has proved, in the last decades, very useful to provide some important conceptual insights, new structures, and catalysts for different applications areas of organic synthesis, both in the academic and in the industrial fields (Crabtree, 2005). Organometallic chemistry also began to have a major impact on other areas such as: biochemistry with the discovery of enzymes that carry out organometallic catalysis; chemistry of materials due to the proprieties of some organometallic compounds to be used was precursors for depositin g materials on various substrates via thermal decomposition of the metal compound; nanoscience and nanotechnology due to the proprieties of some organometallic compounds to be used precursors for nanoparticles; and green chemistry by minimizing both energy use and chemical waste of several organic synthesis (Crabtree, 2005). The first organometallic substance to be prepared was synthesized in 1760, in a military pharmacy in Paris, by Louis Claude Cadet de Gassicourt. This French chemist, who was working on cobalt-containing inks, used arsenic-containing cobalt salts for their preparation. From this work was resulted the so-called â€Å"Cadet’s fuming liquid† which contains a mixture of tetramethyldiarsine and cacadoyl oxide (the first documented organometallic compound) by carrying out the following reaction (Equation (1)): (1) However, despise several organometallic compound discovered, along the eighteenth and nineteenth century’s, the truly â€Å"boom† of organometallic chemistry only occurred during the third quarter of the twenty century, in especially in countries like the United States of America, England and Germany (Astruc, 2007). One of the facts that contributed to this was the recognition of the potential of some d-block transition metals (i.e. nickel, palladium, platinum, rhodium, and ruthenium) organometallic reagents and intermediates as superior catalysts for new bond formation (i.e. carbon-carbon bonds) and their unique property to activate a wide range of organic molecules (Negishi, 2002; Schlosser, 2013). In this review, one of these d-block transition metals and their organometallic reagents based and intermediates will be put in broader perspective, the palladium. The use of this metal, has truly revolutionized the organic synthesis field over the last three decades, being nowadays, the most widely used element in organic synthesis (Crabtree, 2005). Probably the most notable example of its importance of the palladium intermediates as catalyst in organic synthesis is the attribution, by the Swedish Nobel Committee, of the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki for their work in palladium-catalysed cross couplings in organic synthesis (Nobelprize.org, 2013). This review will attempt to highlight some of the outstanding properties of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, identifying the main ways of preparation of these components, some of the most important analysis procedures to obtain their structural characterization, and prese nt some of the numerous applications and reactions where these compounds play an important role. 2. Organopalladium reagents and intermediates 2.1. The characteristic features for the use of palladium in organometallic chemistry Palladium is a chemical element discovered and isolated in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston who named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was discovered a year before. Is a transition metal and belong to the 10th group, 5 period, and d-block of the periodic table. This atom, with atomic number of 46 and average atomic weight of 106.4 could occur naturally in seven isotopes, which includes six stable isotopes. Palladium, is nowadays one of the most versatile, selective, ubiquitous and significant metals used for organic synthesis and had truly impacted this field in the last four decades (Negishi, 2002). This fact is mainly because no other transition metals can offer such versatile to the abundance of possibilities of carbon–carbon bond formation that the palladium reagents and intermediates can offer (Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, despite the palladium complexes are, in several reactions, highly reactive are stable enough to be used as recyclable reagents and intermediates, in catalytic processes (Negishi, 2002). In this sense palladium-mediated processes have become essential in several applications, namely in the syntheses of natural products, polymers, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals (Caspi, 2008). Despite the palladium being a rare and very expensive noble metal, there are several characteristic features and chemical properties which make reactions involving palladium reagents and intermediates particularly suitable in organic synthesis. One of the most important characteristic feature appears to be its moderately large atomic size factor which contribute to the moderate stability of its compounds and their controlled but wide-ranging reactivity leading (Negishi, 2002; Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, its moderated size associated with high d-electron count, and its relatively high electronegativity (2.20 and 1.57 in Pauling and Sanderson scales, respectively), classified this element as â€Å"soft† element, which makes it a real alternative to the more traditional and â€Å"hard† organometallic reagents, such as the magnesium (Grignard) and lithium compounds (Negishi, 2002). Other important characteristic features is the tolerance from the palladium reagents and inter mediates to several functional groups (i.e. carbonyl and hydroxy groups) and which means that the palladium-catalysed reactions can be carried out without protection of these functional groups (Tsuji, 2004). Furthermore, palladium reagents and intermediates have a low tendency to undergo one-electron or generate radical in the reaction processes, reducing the possibility of unwanted side reactions and making the palladium-catalysed reactions quite clean and selective. Finally, another important feature, especially in the green chemistry context is their lack of toxicity problems associated and therefore they do not require too many special handling cares (Negishi, 2002). 2.1.1. Oxidation States of Palladium The most common oxidation states of palladium are 0, +1, +2, +3, and +4 (Pd(0), Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV), respectively). The palladium oxidation states of +1, +2, +3, and +4 correspond to d9, d8, d7, and d6 electron configurations, respectively, as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1.Representative d electron configuration of Pd(I), Pd(II), Pd(III), and Pd(IV) oxidation states (based on reference (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013)) The vast majority of palladium-catalysed reactions, until the beginning of the twentieth-one century, were only focused in the reactions involving Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, since Palladium strongly favours this two oxidation states (Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013; Negishi, 2002). Despite the bulk of the organopalladium literature is centered on the use of Pd(0) and Pd(II) oxidation states, already in 2002, in the Handbook of Organopalladium Chemistry for Organic Synthesis, Negishi point out that the utilization of other oxidation states (Pd(II), Pd(III), or Pd(IV)), although it is still very rare, could become o be very significant in the future (Negishi, 2002). More than ten years later, and with the rapid evolution in the organopalladium chemistry, complexes with palladium in these oxidation states, especially the Pd(IV), have demonstrated their potential and they improved significantly their role in organic synthesis. Although the development of Pd(IV) chemistry has just begun, this has already made possible the development of a number of significant new transformations. Pd(IV)-catalysed reactions usually show a high selectivity and synthetic robustness, and in almost all of them the use of catalysts are generated in situ from commercially available palladium salts, making them particularly attractive from the viewpoint of cost effectiveness (Muà ±iz, 2009). However, by comparison with the Pd(0), Pd(III), or Pd(IV), complexes of odd-electron Pd(I) and Pd(III) oxidation states are much less used. Yet, despite the study of this oxidation states remains in its infancy, Pd(I) complexes have already been employed as pre-catalysts in organic synthesis (Canty, 2011) and despite the potential role of Pd(III) intermediates in catalysis is currently more speculative, this subject beginning to emerge considerable interest, as can be highlighted by the different articles and reviews on the subject (Canty, 2011; Mirica and Khusnutdinova, 2013; Powers and Ritter, 2011). 2.2. Preparation of organopalladium reagents and intermediates In the majority of the organic reactions that use palladium as catalyst, the organopalladium species are generated in situ during the course of the reaction, instead of a preparation of stoichiometric organopalladium reagents, ensuring that only a catalytic amount of palladium is used. In these cases, the reaction mechanisms should include a step were the organopalladium species are formed, the steps in which the formed species react with other reagents to generate a particular product(s), and the step in which organopalladium species are regenerated in a catalytically active form (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). There are several types of organopalladium intermediates extensively used in reactions with considerable importance in several synthetic applications. As reviewed by Schlosser (2013), more than 64000 entities with a palladium-carbon bond are known. Consequently, in this review, only the preparation of some of the most common organopalladium reagents and intermediates will be addressed. As special cares to have in the preparation of these complexes, palladium complexes, unlike the organometallics from the Group I and Group II, are not water sensitive. Consequently, in almost cases, strict exclusion of water is not necessary. Although, some reactions can beneficiate from the presence of water traces or can even be performed in water as solvent or co-solvent. Furthermore, palladium complexes could be quite to moderately air stable. Consequently, it is advised to conduct reactions using these complexes under an inert gas (i.e. argon or nitrogen) (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.1. Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes One of the most important organopalladium intermediates are Ï€-allyl complexes. The most common Ï€-allyl palladium complex, the dimer [(n3-C3H5)PdCl]2, was discovered more than 50 years, serves as starting material for a number of other complexes (Schlosser, 2013). Ï€-allyl complexes, can be synthesize from Pd(II) salts, allylic acetates, and other compounds with the potential of leaving groups in an allylic position, or can be prepared directly from alkenes by reaction with PdCl2 or Pd(O2CCF3)2. In this second scenario, the reaction occurs by electrophilic attack on the Ï€ electrons followed by loss of a proton, as represented in Scheme 1 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 1.Synthesize of Ï€-Ally Palladium Complexes by electrophilic attack on the Ï€ electrons (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)). Due to the low electrophilic power, these complexes usually reacted with less-substituted allylic terminus of a variety of nucleophiles. After this reaction occurs, the resulting organopalladium intermediate breaks down by elimination of Pd(0) and H+, as described in Scheme 2 (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 2.The overall transformation of the allylic substitution. (based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007)). 2.2.2. Cyclic aryl palladium complexes Another important organopalladium intermediates are the cyclic aryl palladium complexes, or palladacycles (Schlosser, 2013). This complexes, are quite relevant role in cascade transformations leading to complex molecular architectures, in the proximally) directed arylation reactions, and in several intramolecular cross-coupling reactions (Beletskaya and Cheprakov, 2004). Palladacycles intermediates can easily be obtained by palladation reactions starting from Pd(II) salts and an arene having a directing group (Schlosser, 2013). Scheme 3.Palladacycles intermediates obtained by palladation reactions (R = NR2, PR2, etc., and Y = alkyl, aryl, etc.). Based on reference (Schlosser, 2013). In the cases where the directing group is an amine (e.g., benzyl or homobenzyl amines) or a phosphine (e.g., aryl phosphines), as represented in the Scheme 3A, the mechanism occurs by an electrophilic addition to the arene, and could include Pd(IV) intermediates. On the other hand, as represented in the Scheme 3B, Alkylarenes can also be substrates for palladacycles, in which, the activation of sp3-carbons next to an arene is presumably forced by agostic interactions (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.3. Palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes The major group of organopalladium intermediates are the palladium Olefin and Diene Complexes. Pd(II) complexes having olefin ligands (i.e. 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD), norbornene, or norbornadiene) can be obtained by reaction of Pd(II) chloride in the presence of the appropriate alkene (Carey and Sundberg, 2007; Schlosser, 2013). In this reaction the alkenes react with Pd(II) to give Ï€ complexes that are subject to nucleophilic attack. However, the products formed from the resulting intermediates are depending of the specific reaction conditions used. In the first case, represented in Scheme 4 as the path a, palladium can be replaced by hydrogen under reductive conditions. On the other hand, in the absence of a reducing agent occurs the obliteration of the Pd(0) and a proton, leading to the substitution of a vinyl hydrogen by the nucleophile, as represented in path b of the Scheme 4. (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). Scheme 4.Synthesize of the Palladium Olefin complexes. Based on reference (Carey and Sundberg, 2007). However, it is important to note that several of these palladium Olefin and Diene complexes are already commercially available (Schlosser, 2013). 2.2.4. Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes Palladium-TV-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) complexes have been recently introduced as powerful ligands for palladium. These NHC complexes have as main advantage the fact that they are quite stable, easy to handle, air-stable and can be easily be prepared from the ligand and palladium precursors (Chartoire et al., 2012; Schlosser, 2013). The NHC-based palladium complexes have been used very successfully for a series of different reactions, namely some cross-coupling reactions and aryl amination (Chartoire et al., 2012; Schlosser, 2013). In Figure 2 are shown some examples of these NHC-palladium catalysts, already used to ensure the efficiency of those reactions. Figure 2.Examples of NHC-palladium complexes: A) [Pd(NHC)(R-allyl)Cl] developed by Nolan; B) [Pd-PEPPSI-NHC] developed by Organ; and C) [Pd(IPr*)(cinnamyl)Cl] developed by Chartoire et al.. Figure adapted from the reference (Chartoire et al., 2012). 2.3. Methods for structural characterisation of organopalladium reagents The identification and structural characterization of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, is of utmost importance in organic synthesis field, to understand the behaviour and proprieties of these compounds. However, it can be quite challenging and somewhat tricky task to accomplish. To achieve the identification and structural characterization of the organopalladium reagents and intermediates, the main analytical methods used rely on the complementarity of information provide from spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques, such as multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and x-ray crystallography. 2.3.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Multinuclear NMR spectroscopy is certainly the key methodology to elucidate molecular structures in solution. Consequently, just as has already happened in organic chemistry or biochemistry, it is now routine to measure NMR spectra of diamagnetic organometallic and coordination compounds. Nowadays, on a routine basis, organometallic chemists daily measure hundreds or even thousands NMR spectra, not only to identify and characterize the molecular structure of a given organometallic but also to verify if a reaction has taken place (Pregosin, 2012). The most investigated active nuclei in organometallic chemistry are, by far, 1H and 13C. However, there are several others readily measurable spin =  ½ nuclei, such as 15N, 19F and 31P, that provide structurally valuable chemical shifts and a diagnostic spin-spin coupling constants. Furthermore, often the measure of 1H and 13C NMR spectra alone may not be sufficient, especially when it is necessary understand the immediate environment of the metal canter and these probes are spaced apart from the metal (Pregosin, 2012). NMR is therefore widely applied for analysis to organopalladium reagents. For example, 1H NMR is the most reliable characterization technique which can be used on hydridopalladium complexes (Negishi, 2002). Moreover, there are several examples in the literature of the application of multinuclear NMR to organopalladium complexes (Leznoff et al., 1999; Paà ±ella et al., 2006; Satake et al., 2000; Schlosser, 2013). Even the 15N, and 31P NMR methodologies, are also are widely used in the characterization of organopalladium reagents, being possible to find studies in this field with more than thirty years (Motschi et al., 1979). 2.3.2. Infrared spectroscopy Infrared (IR) spectroscopy provides the spectral information corresponding to vibrational modes of a molecule. The position of the bands in the Infrared (IR) spectrum depends mainly of the on the strength of the bond(s) involved as measured and the reduced mass of the system calculated using the atomic weights of the atoms involved in the molecule (Crabtree, 2005). Consequently, IR spectroscopic are very useful to obtain a fast confirmation of the presence of some functional groups (i.e. C=O, C=N). However, this method should not be used as a sole characterization technique, since, for example, although the hydride ligands from the hydridopalladium complexes are expected to have Ï…(Pd-H) stretches occurring in the distinctive region of 1950–2060 cm-1 in the infrared spectrum, they are often very weak signals and are also rather dependent on the trans effect of the opposite ligand (Negishi, 2002). 2.3.3. X-Ray crystallography The structural characterization in the solid state, namely that provided by X-ray crystallography is an extremely important part of organometallic chemistry. In the method, a beam of monochromatic X-rays pass through a single crystal of the sample. Consequently, this beam is diffracted in the crystal in various angles, providing in photography the pattern of the crystal spots. The intensity of this set of diffracted beams will depend on the nature and arrangement of the atoms in the unit cell. Thus, the intensities provide the information about the locations of the atoms in the unit cell, while the relative positions of the spots on the photography film carry the information about the arrangement of the unit cells in space (Negishi, 2002). The results of an X-ray structural determination should be represented as a diagram showing the positions of all the atoms in the molecule, as represented in the Figure 3 for two different organopalladium complex (i.e.{Pd[(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino- 2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine]2Cl2}, and{(ÃŽ ·-C3H5)Pd [(p-(Noxyl-tert-butylamino-2-)phenyl)diphenylphosphine](Cl)}) (Leznoff et al., 1999). Figure 3.A typical X-ray crystallographic characterisation of two different organopalladium complex (from the reference (Leznoff et al., 1999)) However, in addition to being assured that organometallic compounds (i.e. organopalladium complex) allow the growth of crystals to be used in this technique, there are some limitations than need to be overcome. First of all, since the X-ray diffraction results are usually based on one only crystal, is necessary to ensure that this crystal is representative of the bulk and free of impurities. One way to check that each crystal is the same material as the bulk of the sample is using the information from the IR spectrum. Furthermore, it is necessary to ensure that the solid state is really the same as the structure of the same material in solution, since several organometallic complexes exist as one isomer in solution but as another in the solid state. This point is especially relevant when the solid state X-ray results are compared with the solution NMR data. Again, in this aspect IR spectroscopy can be also very useful because we can obtain a spectrum both in solution and in the solid state, which emphasizes the need for the information complementarity of these characterization techniques (Negishi, 2002). 3. Applications of palladium-catalysed organic reactions As already pointed out, since the second half of the twenty century, palladium had increased its relevance and role in organic chemistry, in particular in metal-catalysed reactions. Palladium, together with some other transition metals, have the unique property to activate a wide range of organic molecules and thus to catalyse various bond formations. This metal, by far is the most commonly used metal, is thus of utmost importance in a wide range of applications, not only in academic circles but also in industry (Schlosser, 2013). An example of this application is the Wacker process. This reaction, discovered in the 1960s, uses catalytic amounts of palladium to oxidize ethylene to acetaldehyde, and is still widely used in industrial applications (in 2007, was generating four million tons of acetaldehyde per year (Astruc, 2007)). Another factor that has emphasized the importance of using palladium as a catalyst of organic reactions in academic and industrial applications was the introduction of several palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions. This fact can easily be verified by more than 200 natural products and biologically active molecules synthesized making use of the Heck reaction (section 3.1.1) and the â€Å"ton scale† fine chemicals produced in the industry using the Suzuki reaction (section 3.1.3) (Schlosser, 2013). Furthermore, these reactions also allowed the total syntheses of molecules used in the in the production of several medical drugs such as Naproxen (anti-inflammatory drug), Taxol (anti-cancer drug), (Z)-tamoxifen (anti-cancer drug), and morphine (Carey and Sundberg, 2007; Schlosser, 2013). 3.1. Palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions The introduction, in the last quarter of the twenty century, of palladium as catalyst in carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions, a new paradigm for carbon–carbon bond formation has emerged allowing the assembly of highly complex molecular structures and completely changed how the chemical synthesis is performed (Nicolaou et al., 2005). The capability of this reactions to forge carbon–carbon bonds between or within functionalized and sensitive substrates have received an enormous amount of attention among the synthetic chemists, and their scope has been very significantly expanded during the last several years, not only in not only in total synthesis but also in medicinal, biology and nanotechnology (Nicolaou et al., 2005). In general, the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions can be represented by the Scheme 5. However, in this equation, for any given combination of R1 and R2, several parameters should be changed or optimized, namely the metal countercation M, the leaving group X, the palladium catalyst, the introduction of some additives or co-catalysts, the solvent, and even others parameters such as temperature, time, concentration, and mode of addition (Schlosser, 2013). Scheme 5.Geral model of the palladium-catalysed carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions (based on reference (Schlosser, 2013)). The characteristics of an ideal palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction can be listed as follows (Schlosser, 2013): Varied and inexpensive methods to set up the coupling substrate functionality from commercially available starting materials Easily activated high-yielding coupling under mild conditions; Generation of the minimal amount of by-product preferably by employing low-molecular-weight donors; Excellent functional group compatibility; General stability of the cross-coupling substrates; Low toxicity of precursors, substrates, and generated by-products. In this review, despite the extremely long list of all the possible carbon-carbon cross coupling reactions involving Palladium as catalyst, it will focus on the reactions that embody several of the above mention characteristics and are most commonly used namely, the Heck, Stille, Suzuki, Sonogashira, Tsuji–Trost, and the Negishi reactions. These reactions, have truly revolutionized the organic synthesis field (Nicolaou et al., 2005), and, as already mentioned, should be noted that the authors and works that gave birth to three of these reactions (Heck, Negishi, and Suzuki) were recently awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry 2010 (Nobelprize.org, 2013), which emphasizes even more the importance of these reactions. 3.1.1. The Heck reaction The Heck cross coupling reaction has been developed independently by Mizoroki, (Mizoroki et al., 1971), and improved by Heck (Heck and Nolley, 1972) in the early seventies of the twentieth century. However, it took more than a decade for the potential of this reaction, be explored by the wider synthetic organic community, namely with the development of catalytic asymmetric Heck reactions (Nicolaou et al., 2005). The Heck reaction, as presented in Scheme 6, can be broadly defined as the palladium-catalysed coupling of a vinyl, aryl, benzyl halide or a trifluoromethanesulfonate (OTf) group with an olefin to yield products which result from the substitution of a the hydrogen atom in the olefin coupling partner (Nicolaou et al., 2005). Scheme 6.The overall mechanism of the Heck reaction (R4 = aryl, benzy

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda :: social issues

Environmentally Conscious Propoganda WRIT 140 September 11, 2000 Environmentally Conscious Propaganda Almost every single original concept today has become mainstream or shows a general trend towards becoming so. Propagandists realize this and often exploit these ideas, tainting their flavor of originality and creating a new generation of gullible â€Å"wannabes† who can partly adhere to any philosophy, but do not allow themselves to be inconveniences by certain doctrines. Anything that might elicit followers or have the potential to, has drawn the attention of these solicitor, yet one of the fastest growing target audiences today seem to be â€Å"nature lovers.† Three examples extracted from various sources reveal that advertisers are targeting a presumed cultural attitude that people today wish not only to save the environment, but also view nature as the idealistic existence in contrast with the mundane city life most people have accustomed themselves to. Next one must question, â€Å"What is the idealistic existence?† All three advertisements point to one notion or another but more often than not seem more different than similar. The fist two automotives ads for Toyota and Honda respectively both deal with the natural environment. However Toyota appeals directly toward nature lovers and those who share an outdoorsman spirit by asking the question of whether one would blend in with nature, or with traffic. The advertisement crosses both a machine and the environment, suggesting that a balance can be achieved between man and nature. The subliminal hint seem to be that the advertised 4-Runner will somehow help one tune into nature. The stance from the Honda Insight, however, is far from Toyota’s. Reaching for the environmentalist, the ad immediately grabs at people who are to some degree conscious of environmental concerns such as pollution. While not an â€Å"environmental movement all by itself† the insight does pollute considerably less than normal 4 cylinder and 6 cylinder vehicles. While not designed to adhere to â€Å"hardcore† environmentalists, it does appeal to the average person co ncerned with it. Car promoters also presume that while people today are concerned with the environment, most people wouldn’t lift a finger if they had to go out of their way. The average Joe would rather pass a piece of trash on the street than pick it up, because they would inconvenience themselves in the process. The Insight is accordingly partially battery powered, never needs to be plugged in, and is more of a convenience.

Online Registration Reservation System

Chapter I INTRODUCTION Project Context The presence of Online Registration and Reservation system of Dalton Academy help the students as well as the school to fasten their system of enrollment as well as reservation. At present, the Dalton Academy has three sections of each year level. The enrollment and reservation process is done in a first come per serve basis, thus if you are early to enroll even you are belong in the first section however if you are late enrollee then you are place in the last section. This policy is there to all year level from first year to fourth year.There are certain problems also have been encountered such as the process of registration in which all year level are piled up in the registration booth. Conflict of date for the registration and reservation. The filing-up of information in the registration forms. In order to resolve this, we create an online registration. This will be indicate a registration procedure in the online registration and reservation system. It reserve in the section, create an account to register in the form in order to reserve in the section.Purpose and Description of the project Purpose This study covers the registration and reservation process of enrollment the respondents is easy to resolved enrollment process problem. It is not difficult for them even if how many students reserve from the online registration reservation but it also limited because three section every year level and per section consist of fifty students only and also much better easy to look if how many students are reserve for enrollment every day.This study will help the teacher’s with this enrolling period because they easy to see on the internet, even are they in other places. Anytime, anywhere they can easily to take a look at that online registration reservation system. Description The study covers the features in this room to show the Registered user under this covered the home, about us information, the administration, the ph oto gallery to show some features of the school, the registered students account. This register page here it show the sign up if you are willing to reserve for registration.The sign up contains the Fname, Mname, Lname, Address, Birthdate, Birthplace, Age, Gender, the username and the password, you can also browse picture if you have. And after that click the register personal information to complete the registration, after you register to sign up the registration form which has a step to be followed of your personal background, under the guest user you can update your profile, your personal information in enrollment and they recognized if what year level and school year you are in the enrollment registration, you can also post a comment on blog and of course the log out.The present of administrator side show the login user account and after that show the Dalton Academy list which is the Manage announcement, Gallery, Registered students, Join blog, School year, manage about us inform ation and the administration setup. Through this is easily to take a look with our system covers. Objectives of the Project This study aims to design, develop and implement an Online Reservation Registration System to be able to: 1. Registered User to: a. log in to connect and communicate with the system. . View the information about the Dalton Academy. c. Registration/ Reservation process. d. Open for slot for the students, first come first serve (Fifty students per section). e. Close no slot, limited only. 2. Guest User to: a. View information about Dalton Academy. 3. Administrator to: a. Update (Add, Edit and Delete) different information about Dalton Academy. b. Filter Registration of reserve students for this coming school year. c. Restrict guest users in accessing the different services of the system

How to Calculate Activation Energy

How to Calculate Activation Energy Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be supplied in order for a chemical reaction to proceed. The example problem below demonstrates how to determine the activation energy of a reaction from reaction rate constants at different temperatures. Activation Energy Problem A second-order reaction was observed. The  reaction rate constant at three degrees Celsius was found to be 8.9 x 10-3 L/mol and 7.1 x 10-2 L/mol at 35 degrees Celsius. What is the activation energy of this reaction? Solution The  activation energy can be determined using the equation:ln(k2/k1) Ea/R x (1/T1 - 1/T2)whereEa the activation energy of the reaction in J/molR the ideal  gas constant 8.3145 J/K ·molT1 and T2 absolute temperatures (in Kelvin)k1 and k2 the reaction rate constants at T1 and T2 Step 1: Convert temperatures from degrees Celsius to KelvinT degrees Celsius 273.15T1 3 273.15T1 276.15 KT2 35 273.15T2 308.15 Kelvin Step 2 - Find Ealn(k2/k1) Ea/R x (1/T1 - 1/T2)ln(7.1 x 10-2/8.9 x 10-3) Ea/8.3145 J/K ·mol x (1/276.15 K - 1/308.15 K)ln(7.98) Ea/8.3145 J/K ·mol x 3.76 x 10-4 K-12.077 Ea(4.52 x 10-5 mol/J)Ea 4.59 x 104 J/molor in kJ/mol, (divide by 1000)Ea 45.9 kJ/mol Answer: The activation energy for this reaction is 4.59 x 104 J/mol or 45.9 kJ/mol. How to Use a Graph to Find Activation Energy Another way to calculate the activation energy of a reaction is to graph ln k (the rate constant) versus 1/T (the inverse of the temperature in Kelvin). The plot will form a straight line expressed by the equation: m - Ea/R where m is the slope of the line, Ea is the activation energy, and R is the ideal gas constant of 8.314 J/mol-K. If you took temperature measurements in Celsius or Fahrenheit, remember to convert them to Kelvin before calculating 1/T and plotting the graph. If you were to make a plot of the energy of the reaction versus the reaction coordinate, the difference between the energy of the reactants and the products would be ΔH, while the excess energy (the part of the curve above that of the products) would be the activation energy. Keep in mind, while most reaction rates increase with temperature, there are some cases where the rate of reaction decreases with temperature. These reactions have negative activation energy. So, while you should expect activation energy to be a positive number, be aware that its possible for it to be negative as well. Who Discovered Activation Energy? Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius proposed the term activation energy in 1880 to define the minimum energy needed for a set of chemical reactants to interact and form products. In a diagram, activation energy is graphed as the height of an energy barrier between two minimum points of potential energy. The minimum points are the energies of the stable reactants and products. Even exothermic reactions, such as burning a candle, require energy input. In the case of combustion, a lit match or extreme heat starts the reaction. From there, the heat evolved from the reaction supplies the energy to make it self-sustaining.

Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax)

Groundhog Facts (Marmota monax) The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a type of marmot, which is a ground squirrel or rodent. It is familiar to Americans for its weather prognostication on Groundhog Day. The animal goes by many names, including woodchuck, groundpig, and monax. The name woodchuck refers neither to wood nor to chucking. Instead, it is an adaptation of the Algonquian name for the animal, wuchak. Fast Facts: Groundhog Scientific Name: Marmota monaxCommon Names: Groundhog, woodchuck, whistlepig, monax, siffleux, thickwood badgerBasic Animal Group: MammalSize: 16-20 inchesWeight: 5-12 poundsLifespan: 2-3 yearsDiet: HerbivoreHabitat: North AmericaPopulation: Abundant and stableConservation Status: Least Concern Description Within its range, the groundhog is the largest ground squirrel. Adults average between 16 and 20 inches long, including their 6-inch tail. The relatively short tail distinguishes this species from other ground squirrels. Groundhog weight varies dramatically throughout the year, but averages between 5 and 12 pounds. The animals tend to be brownish in color with four ivory incisor teeth. Groundhogs have short limbs that end in thick, curved claws suited to digging and climbing. Habitat and Distribution The groundhog gets its common name from its preference of open, low-elevation land, especially well-drained soil in fields and pastures. Groundhogs are found throughout Canada and in the eastern United States. Other types of marmots are common worldwide, but they tend to prefer rocky and mountainous habitats. Groundhog distribution. Andreyostr, Wikimedia Commons Diet and Behavior Technically, marmots are omnivorous, but groundhogs are more herbivorous than most species. They eat grass, berries, dandelion, coltsfoot, sorrel, and agricultural crops. However, they will supplement their diet with fallen baby birds, insects, snails, and grubs. Groundhogs do not need to drink water if they can obtain it from dew or plant juice. The rodents store fat and hibernate to survive winter rather than caching food. Groundhogs are preyed upon by humans, foxes, coyotes, and dogs. Young may be taken by hawks and owls. Reproduction and Offspring Groundhogs are never found far from their burrows, which they dig in the soil and use for sleeping, escaping predators, raising young, and hibernating. Groundhogs mate after they rouse from hibernation in March or April. The pair remains in the den for the 31 or 32 days of gestation. The male leaves the den before the female gives birth. The usual litter consists of two to six blind pups that emerge from the den after their eyes have opened and their fur has grown. Near the end of summer, the young move off to build their own burrows. Groundhogs may breed the following spring, but most become mature at two years of age. In the wild, most groundhogs live two to three years and up to six years. Captive groundhogs may live 14 years. Baby groundhogs look like miniature versions of the adults. Manfred Kuster / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies groundhog conservation status as least concern. The rodents are abundant across their range and have a stable population in most places. They are not a protected species. Groundhogs and Humans Groundhogs are hunted as pests, for fur, for food, and as trophies. Although the rodents eat crops, groundhog burrows improve the soil and house foxes, rabbits, and skunks. So, maintaining a controlled population of groundhogs is beneficial to farmers. February 2nd is celebrated as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada. The premise of the holiday is that groundhog behavior following hibernation may indicate the approach of spring. Groundhog Day in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. Jeff Swensen / Getty Images Research on groundhogs given hepatitis-B may further understanding of liver cancer. The only other suitable animal model for the disease is the chimpanzee, which is endangered. The groundhog is also a model organism for studies on obesity and other metabolic disorders and heart disease. While groundhogs may be kept as pets, they may display aggression toward their handlers. Usually sick or injured groundhogs may be rehabilitated for release back into the wild, but some do form bonds with their caregivers. Sources Bezuidenhout, A. J. and Evans, Howard E. Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists, 2005. ISBN 9781891276439.Grizzell, Roy A. A Study of the Southern Woodchuck, Marmota monax monax. American Midland Naturalist. 53 (2): 257, April, 1955. doi:10.2307/2422068Linzey, A. V.; Hammerson, G. (NatureServe) Cannings, S. (NatureServe). Marmota monax. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature, 2008. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T42458A22257685.enSchoonmaker, W.J. The World of the Woodchuck. J.B. Lippincott, 1966. ISBN 978-1135544836.OCLC 62265494Thorington, R.W., Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. Family Sciuridae. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 802, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Efficiency and Effectiveness in Relation to Pay Systems Essay

Efficiency and Effectiveness in Relation to Pay Systems - Essay Example This essay stresses that a perfect equilibrium is achieved when demand equals supply thus implying that everyone who is willing and able to work is working at that level of pay. If there are more people looking for employment, the pay will go down. This is because employers’ demand more people as wages goes down hence reducing unemployment. Therefore, this theory argues that if the pay is allowed to move up and down, it is an effective signal to the market and it will contribute to economic stability. This paper makes a conclusion that an efficiency wage system gives employers the ability to choose and pick among numerous applicants in order to get the best ones possible. The second factor that prompts managers to adopt efficiency pay system is intention to avoid shirking. Firms may frequently find it difficult to measure the quality and quantity of efforts of a particular worker because the systems of commissions or piece rates may prove impossible and therefore there is a possibility of the employee to do less work than agreed (shirking). As a result, the firm may decide to pay an efficiency wage with an aim of increasing or creating the cost of job loss thereby giving a sting to job firing threat. Threat such as this can be used to avoid moral hazard or shirking. Thirdly, sociological factors have been cited in relation to efficiency wages; these wages may be because of the firm’s traditions. Akerlof and Yellen argue that the firm may have been using this system to enhan ce high morale among employees thus raising productivity.

Low-risk 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Low-risk 1 - Essay Example (Dr. Andrew Wood) Puritans were people were very impressive and were greatly determined to make an impact on the new generation. The puritans were Englishmen who emerged from the Elizabethan era. They were hopeful and cheerful people who had a â€Å"Can-Do† attitude and were willing to accept any challenge with great courage. The puritans whenever they used to have a problem with other people or some influential powers they would sort out the matter through negotiations and in accordance with the teachings of Christianity. The main and only purpose of the Puritans was just prayer and nothing else. To them the solution to every problem was in the teachings of God. For them their faith did not just meant going to Sunday mass but it was more than that, they were close to God in almost every way of their life. Due to their Biblical Christianity they suffered a lot as they were treated very badly by the established Church and the English Crown. In short the Puritans were people who were cheerful ha ving great faith in God which they passed it to their children no matter what the consequences were. (Gavin Finley) "Noe man is made more honorable than another or more wealthy &c., out of any particular and singular respect to himself, but for the glory of his creator and the common good of the creature, man" (p. 1). (John Winthrop) (Dr. Andrew Wood) According to Winthrop the Puritans should treat all the people equally irrespective of them being wealthy or poor. People should take the difficulties of their lives as a test which is given to them by God and no one should consider himself as more superior to others on the basis of wealth. (Dr. Andrew